Transformation, PCR, and GMOs: Unlocking the Power of DNA Modern biotechnology has transformed medicine, agriculture, and forensic science through techniques like bacterial transformation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) . These technologies allow scientists to introduce genes into bacteria, amplify DNA, and modify organisms for improved traits. Let’s explore how they work and their real-world applications. 1. Transformation: How Bacteria Absorb DNA Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take in foreign DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their genome or plasmids. This technique is widely used in genetic engineering, medicine, and biotechnology . How Transformation Works Preparing the Bacteria Bacteria are made competent (able to absorb DNA) by increasing cell membrane permeability . This is done using osmotic shock with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and heat shock (ice → 42°C → ice) . Introducing the Plasmid A ...
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